Arts 2.1.19-2.1.22 consider the incorporation of standard terms into a contract. The spe- par cial rules on standard terms contained in Arts 2.1.20—2.1.22 recognize that parties typically treat standard terms differently to individually negotiated ones. The four provisions at the end of Section 2.1 of the PICC reflect the general principle that a party is only bound to a standard term when the user of the term is reasonably entitled to assume from the other party’s conduct that that party had assented to the term or was prepared to be bound without reading it. However, this cannot be assumed in several instances: first, when the user of the standard terms makes no express reference to them (unless they are incorporated by usage or practice); secondly, when a term is ‘surprising’ (Art 2.1.20); thirdly, when the standard term conflicts with a non-standard term (Art 2.1.21); on, fourthly, when both parties have used standard terms and reached agreement except on those terms, unless the party that relies on its terms has clearly indicated that it does not intend to be bound by the contract except on its own terms (Art 2.1.22).