Trans-Lex Administrative Information
Document-ID: 926000
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Where, after the interpretation of a contract term that has been supplied by one party, doubts remain as to the meaning of that term, an interpretation against that party is to be preferred ("contra proferentem").
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[doctrine ] [arbitral awards ] [court decisions ] [national legislation ] [principles / restatements ] [model laws ] close X Black, Henry Campell, Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed., St. Paul 1990 Cheng, Bin, General Principles Of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, reprinted, Cambridge 1987 Domingo, Ortega, Rodriguez-Antolin, Zambrana, Principios de Derecho Global, Navarra, 2006 Horn, Norbert, Das Recht der internationalen Anleihen, Frankfurt a.M. 1972 Canaris/ Grigoleit, Interpretation of Contracts, in: Hartkamp/ Hesselink/ Hondius/ Joustra/ du Perron/ Veldman, Towards a European Civil Code, Nijmegen 2004, at 445 et seq. Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 9. Auflage, 2004, § 28 Rn. 56. Lewison, Kim, The Interpretation of Contracts, 2nd. Ed., London 1997 Lüderitz, Alexander, Auslegung von Rechtsgeschäften, Karlsruhe 1966 Meyer, Olaf, Contra Proferentem? - Klares und weniger Klares zur Unklarheitsregel, ZHR 174 (2010), 108 et seq. Schmitthoff, Clive, International Trade Usages, Institute of International Business Law And Practice Newsletter, Special Issue, ICC Publ.440,4, Paris 1987 Wolf, in: Soergel BGB - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Allgemeiner Teil 2, § 157 Rn. 59 Verantwortung des Aufstellers Wühler, Norbert, Application of General Principles of Law, in van den Berg (ed.), Planning efficient Arbitration Proceedings - The Law Applicable in International Arbitration, p. 553 et seq. Kersley, R.H., M.A., LL.M./ Broom, Herbert, LL.D., A Selection of Legal Maxims, 10th ed. London, 1939 Hartkamp, Arthur, The UNIDROIT Principles for International Commercial Contracts and the New Dutch Civil Code, in: CJHB Brunner-Bundel, Deventer 1994, at 127 et seq. Maskow, Dietrich, Beispiel für allgemeine vertragsrechtliche Regeln, in: Ak.St.Rwiss.DDR (ed.), Grundzüge einer wissenschaftlichen Konzeption des allgemeinen Teils der rechtlichen Regelung internationaler Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen den Organisationen der Mitgliedsländer des RGW, Potsdam-Babelsberg 1986, at 38 et seq. Noy, William, A Treatise of the Principal Grounds and Maxims with an Analysis of the Laws of England, 1821 Triebel, Volker, Pitfalls of Englisch as a Contract Language, in: Frances Olsen et al (eds), Translation Issues in Language and Law (2009), at 147 et seq. Bonell, Michael Joachim, The UNIDROIT Initiative for the Progressive Codification of International Trade Law, 27 ICLQ 1978, at 413 et seq. Crook, John R., Applicable Law In International Commercial Arbitration: The Iran-US-Claims Tribunal Experience, 83 AJIL 1989, at 278 et seq. Marrella, Fabrizio, La nuova lex mercatoria, Principi Unidroit ed usi di contratti des comercio internazionale, CEDAM, Tratto di dritto commerciale e di dritto publico dell‘economia, Volume 30, Padova 2003 Ripert, Georges, Les Règles du Droit Civil Applicables aux Rapports Internationaux (Contribution à l'Etude des Principes Généraux du Droit Visés au Statut de la Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale), 44 Rec.Cours 1933-II, at 569 et seq. Fouchard Gaillard Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration (edited by Emmanuel Gaillard and John Savage) The Hague 1999 suggest references The TransLex-Team is thankful for any contribution.
close X ICC Award No. 2795, YCA 1979, at 210 et seq. ICC Award No. 3460, Clunet 1981, at 939 et seq. ICC Award No. 3779, YCA 1984, at 124 et seq. ICC Award No. 7110, 10 ICC Bull. No. 2, 1999, at 1029 et seq. Iran-US Claims Tribunal, First Travel Corp. v. Iran, 9 IRAN-U.S. C.T.R., at 360 et seq. Iran-US Claims Tribunal, Award in Case No. 34, YCA 1987, 257 Society of Maritime Arbitrators, Inc., New York, Award No. 2972, Nordic American Shipping A/S v. Bayoil Inc., YCA 1995, at 126 et seq. China 7 January 2000 CIETAC Arbitration proceeding (Cysteine case) [Cite as: http:/cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/00107cl.html] Bechtel Enterprises International (Bermuda) Ltd; BEn Dabhol Holdings, Ltd; and Capital India Power Mauritius I v. Overseas Private Inestment Corporation, AAA Case No. 50 T195 00509 02, Mealey�s International Arbitration Report, Vol. 18, #10, 10/03, A-1 Iran - US Claims Tribunal, Award in Case No. 34 (206-34-1) of 3 December 1985, YCA 1987, 257 et seq. suggest references The TransLex-Team is thankful for any contribution.
close X Shaw Group Inc. v Triplefine International Corporation, 322 F.3d 115. Svenska Petroleum Exploration AB (Schweden) vs. Government of the Republic of Lithuania & AB Geonafta (Lithuania), in: Yearbook Comm. Arb'n XXXI (2006), at 906 et seq. Paul Revere Variable Annuity Insurance Company et al v. Maureen A. Kirschhofer et al., 226 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 2000) Bobux Marketing Ltd. v. Raynor Marketing Ltd. [2002] 1 NZLR 506 (Court of Appeal). Antonio Mastrobuono and Diana G. Mastrobouno, Petitioners, v. Sherason Lehman Hutton, Inc. et al., 115 S.Ct. 1212 (1995) Aamco Transmissions Inc. v Kunz, 97 Sask. R. 5 Falcone Brothers Partnership v Bear Stearns & Co., Inc., Steven Kirsch, and Steven Dantus, 699 F.Supp. 32 suggest references The TransLex-Team is thankful for any contribution.
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Please cite as: "Commentary to Trans-Lex Principle No. IV.5.4 - Interpretation against the party that supplied the term, http://www.trans-lex.org/926000"
This rule may be applied if a contractual term is contained in standard terms drafted by one party. However, it may also be used in situations in which one party has drafted a contract which does not have the quality of standard terms. In such scenarios, the party which drafted the ambiguous term may not later rely on a meaning of that term which is to the disadvantage of the other side, unless this ambiguity was discussed between the parties when the contract was concluded.